Changing attitudes among men and boys and tackling inequality are vital to eradicating gender-violence, re-affirms a new UN study, which interviewed 10,000 men in Asia and the Pacific.  The report uncovered shocking levels of domestic abuse, sexual violence and rape, but also reaffirms that violence against women is not inevitable, with education programmes and community mobilization playing a vital role in prevention. These are areas of work in which Soroptimist clubs are actively involved in many countries.

Nearly half of those men interviewed reported using physical and/or sexual violence against a female partner, ranging from 26 percent to 80 percent across the sites studied. Almost a quarter of men interviewed reported perpetrating rape against a woman or girl, ranging from 10 percent to 62 percent across the sites.  The most common motivation cited for rape was related to a belief that men have a right to sex with women regardless of consent.

Men were interviewed across nine sites in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Papua New Guinea. The study, entitled ‘Why Do Some Men Use Violence Against Women and How Can We Prevent It? Quantitative Findings from the UN Multi-country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific’ was conducted by Partners for Prevention, a regional joint programme of the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN Population Fund (UNFPA), UN Women and United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme in Asia and the Pacific. It asked men about their use and experiences of violence, gendered attitudes and practices, childhood, sexuality, family life and health.

“This study reaffirms that violence against women is preventable, not inevitable,” says James Lang, Programme Coordinator, Partners for Prevention. “Prevention is crucial because of the high prevalence of men’s use of violence found across the study sites and it is achievable because the majority of the factors associated with men’s use of violence can be changed.”

The study’s findings reaffirm that violence against women is an expression of women’s subordination and inequality in the private and public spheres. The findings show how men’s use of violence against women is associated with men’s personal histories and practices, within a broader context of structural inequalities.

For example, men who reported having perpetrated violence against a female partner were significantly more likely to:

• Have gender-inequitable attitudes and try to control their partners. For instance, in Bangladesh and Cambodia men who had highly controlling behaviour were more than twice as likely to perpetrate partner violence than those who did not use controlling behaviour.
• Have experienced physical, sexual or emotional abuse as a child, or witnessed the abuse of their mother. More than 65 percent of men in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea, and the site in China reported experiencing emotional abuse or neglect as children and these men were at least twice as likely to use violence against a female partner.
• Have practices that celebrate male toughness and sexual performance, such as being involved in fights and paying for sex. In Indonesia and Sri Lanka, men who reported having sex with a sex worker or transactional sex were two times more likely to use violence against a partner than those who had not.

To prevent violence against women, the study recommends we:

• Make violence against women unacceptable, for example through community mobilization programmes and engagement with people who influence culture;
• Promote non-violent and caring ways to be a man, for example through sustained school-based or sports-based education programmes; 
• Address child abuse and promote healthy families, for example through parenting programmes, comprehensive child protection systems and policies to end corporal punishment;
• Work with young people, with a particular focus on boys and adolescents, to understand consent, and healthy sexuality, and to foster respectful relationships;
• End impunity for men who use violence against women, particularly marital rape, through criminalization of all forms of violence against women, and promote legal sector reform to ensure effective access to justice; and
• Ensure the full empowerment of women and girls and eliminate gender discrimination.

Image: Top – SI Pune Metro East (India) gender sensitization project, bottom – SI Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea) take part in a national day of protest against gender-violence in May 2013.

More information:

Download the full UN report

Violence Against Women

News story: Soroptimists highlight gender violence in Papua New Guinea

Blog: Men and boys have a vital role in ending violence against women